KINGDOM MONERA
Kingdom Monera: 1. Characteristics of Kingdom Monera 1.1 General Features: Cell Type: Prokaryotic, meaning cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Cellularity: Unicellular. Size: Typically between 0.1 µm and 15 µm in diameter. Shape: Common shapes include: Cocci: Spherical (e.g., Streptococcus ). Bacilli: Rod-shaped (e.g., Escherichia coli ). Spirilla: Spiral-shaped (e.g., Helicobacter pylori ). Vibrios: Comma-shaped (e.g., Vibrio cholerae ). 1.2 Cell Structure: Cell Wall: Bacteria: Composed mainly of peptidoglycan (also known as murein). Gram-Positive Bacteria: Thick peptidoglycan layer which retains crystal violet stain, appearing purple. Gram-Negative Bacteria: Thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides. They do not retain crystal violet and appear pink after staining with safranin. Archaea: Cell walls lack peptidoglycan; instead, they may have pseudopeptidoglycan or other polysaccharides. Plasma Membrane: Pho...